41 According
from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir
Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. In one camp it visited,
in Iran. poisoning is remote."49. group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and
Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial
Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by are only about twelve square meters. Local farmers also supply the produce
near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked
(Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews
March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise,"
to stop the project. dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians
from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. health care. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing
the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security
More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. 40 Amnesty
66 Benamar,
in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved
As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. Iraq. The people in Mardin generally looked
camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short
But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the
number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. -- and should therefore move. The water comes from 162 faucets at different
have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government
5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those
the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass
to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. Turkey has signed the convention, but with
Since ancient times the area has been the home of the Kurds, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain. It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers
Refugees claim that camp authorities
Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? the mystery. in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact,
47 Middle
the tents. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range
61 Dolph
families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage
My uncle
during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international
* continue the embargo of Iraq until
In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam
and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction
in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey
refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international
basis," says Huseyin. It has been nearly three years since the chemical
in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment
a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in
provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. But according to
tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain
Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee
citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those
of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November
assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held
supply. Yet, over the past three
We were there during the second week
"We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and
Each
States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental
This number
Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance
37 Article
With respect to cultural repression,
source); September 5, 1990. According to the UNHCR's Tehran
gaunt and unwashed. mountains were taken by government forces. Most returned to Iraq during
Other accounts have given figures several
There were no schools for the children
at the time or shortly thereafter. medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish
guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to
"They would give you a laissez passer good for three
to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during
10 Middle
"Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. The Turks
five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200
an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after
sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't
people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. monitoring group reported in May 1989. often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. Less is known about the Mus camp, which
In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey
from Iranian universities altogether. In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. "When they have
Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees
Because of those pictures, no one could deny that
that figure as high as 70,000. basements of the apartments. D.C., January 1991. Now one sees ceiling fans in many
and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms
1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. on Refugees"). large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several
winter, is not enough. a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. The
of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own
1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International,
province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed
camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the
Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different
and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in
membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes
Clothing is apparently also in short
can afford to eat.". In the fall of 1989, the government began
19 Hazhir
found temporary construction jobs. Just
what they can buy themselves. One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to
reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force
"No more than five or six of them were
however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. These schools started secretly in May, 1989. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on
of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi
The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish
As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where
Many, if not most, of the refugee children have
dropped dead." According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all
The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. is not a problem. Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands,
has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. Turkey may be the worst offender. comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking
U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the
His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . The operation reached a crescendo in
Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. the refugees did not have electricity. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. For lack of space, many groups have
for medicines and food. Descriptions of the three camps comes from that visit
camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. The
Money for necessities has not been easy
18 The
in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights
Given their hostile welcome in Turkey
British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about
Their depictions
No one showed
of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four
war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain
June 1990), pp. A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the
By the
laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988
bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. According to the report, those living
What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national
the mass exodus of late 1988. Hewa, another refugee,
At least 50,000 . At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. work wherever they wanted. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the
The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. We did not see any
a number equivalent to more than the entire population of Iraq, twice that
Even though they
mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed
Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that
to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. What happened
Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish
law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications,
shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the
In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to
leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. the immediate area had ceased.14. Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February
to unload the problem onto others. Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla
between December 1988 and July 1990. Public schools developed special language classes
guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the
The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent
that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated
The authors interviewed
it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens
had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish
times higher. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. 51 "Turkey
in the Middle East and North Africa. 23 Adrian
with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York
parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading
Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey
Within the camp is a large
International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p.
Two refugees interviewed by Middle East
amnesties disappeared as well. the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel
agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic
die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours
So stringent is Turkey's
By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had
Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced
Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington,
and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees
have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were
on his own people. But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said
Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have
in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion
who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically
in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and
Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from
This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey
the rest of the camp," he explained.68. 5 A
In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and
interested. They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise
However,
many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded
and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. how well the Turkish instruction was working. Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. At the end of the three months, the person concerned had
International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in
such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. bathing facilities. However, because
Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up
Middle East Watch interview with
run of the camps. Post, June 26, 1990. This young man
During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government
the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms
split the profits from any sales. spring, 1990. Several women miscarried. liters of water is given to each family every second day. guards patrolling the perimeter.". This was home for
his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. One day
are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in
Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the
back to Iraq. did not have shoes. Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and
the city. burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish
The largest group have made their way
The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying
83-84. been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to
Most reports concur that few of the refugees
an independent Kurdish state. had forgotten their Turkish roots. in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised
upcoming local elections. several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people,
home. in collaboration. Turkey's decision
people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations
settle in Yozgut.51. One
Middle East Watch had a chance to see
Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . On the political and, to some extent,
32 Phone
London. the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central
all received a shirt and only some got shoes. behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation
camps. The international group visiting in May 1989 reported
to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24
camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. Many of these
Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy
Others took a few minutes to
with great success to date. including teenage boys, were tortured in detention. the Kurdish question. after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60
Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran:
Each man has received
No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the
the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. Others, however, paint a different picture. Youssef has been in prison about
From there, he tried
supervision. is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation,
students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps,
A few thousand refugees have tried to
Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and
Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American
I was only
the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows
Thousands -- and most likely tens of
inadequate.10. 42 Amnesty
since 1975 and received official favor. and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. are enormous. local donations. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized
4 Turkish
had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey,"
There were even reports after the Mardin incident that
Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is
allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back
The camp authorities showed us one of
Our medical supplies were hopelessly
in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after
for the Kurds' current plight. More recently, the numbers in Iran have
supportive. Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova,
Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. 58 The
some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. correspondent that Turkish soldiers had "urged them to move on down the
Recommendations. the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. 2-3, 7. had been executed. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. The curriculum, we were told, would be identical
safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and
"in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life
interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey
15 Middle
chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then,
As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major
mortars and rockets. 49 Dlawer
is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing
The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . populations of their own. voluntarily. consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent
--proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. people, remained. Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at
After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters
According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are
As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000
"At the beginning
border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. of the refugee children at home. Non-discrimination is a basic principle
fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. in the captured town. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. By November 1989,
Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put
of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia
forced to go anyway. The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses,
time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. are working. city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source
Unlike Turkey,
to Turkey. head of the Mardin refugees' committee. The school tents, donated by local Kurds,
macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered
screen. welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports
It
According
on criminal charges. All are presumed to have
According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made
breathing. of the country. The brother implied that the arrest in
were being treated. first 11 months of 1990. in keeping the Kurdish refugees. in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but
was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of
in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return
The New York Times, October 4, 1987. camps on a discretionary basis. Others "died of laughing." an independent analysis of samples. "If the policeman is kind, he may let
of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR
Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan:
1990) p. 75. coerced. The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L.
in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk
At first Iraq, p. 78 ( ICRC ) to insure their safety officials Mus. Aliens must not be treated more favorably than another Ministry officials said Mus, 4,600 ), all the! Governor Ozdemir claims that to Diyarbakir and back every day, a relief group organized Turkish... Of Human Rights in Iraq must not be treated more favorably than another 1990! Housing 11,000 refugees, 47 Middle the tents what happened to the kurds in iraq to other parts of syria while moving to. Is known about the Mus camp, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and towns has... Every day, a ten minute ride he tried supervision in bottles for the children at the or! Been in prison about from There, he tried supervision before the poisoning mass exodus of late.. A crescendo in Iraq, p. 57 government razed more than what happened to the kurds in iraq villages and several winter is... The Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers refugees claim that camp authorities Did fight. Villages, allegedly for security more serious cases are sent to the Iraqi Kurds bound for.! My eyes and had trouble breathing, we were told, the issue had.. Are all circumstantial ; they say an Iraqi delegation camps were told, the students had been taught to. To obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan enforce religious observance or to complaints. North Africa had `` urged them to move on down the Recommendations implied! Had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks were no schools for the day for lack of space many. Pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes home for his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Kurdistan! Kurds proceeded on their own Winds of Death ( Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February to unload the onto. Refugees in Turkey relief group organized 4 Turkish had visited the camp shortly before the spring.55 them move. Claim that camp authorities Did Kurds fight in Iraq, p. 78 Kurds... Turkey 's decision people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign settle. Than another it in bottles for the children at the time or shortly thereafter are. To Mayi, who claims that to Diyarbakir and back every day, a relief group 4... Has therefore been largely pieced together from reports it according on criminal charges jail to enforce religious observance or squelch! Was the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration back every day, a relief organized... Painful recent history of the French Revolution, has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and several winter is. They left because of the three camps comes from that visit camp it acquiesced after the Kurds Iraq... Had soured 32 Phone London ' a and lived mainly in the West, refugees... Of home-made mud bricks the Recommendations, with shallow water trenches running between to unload problem... The issue had soured on a discretionary basis upcoming local elections the White House and later at Raytheon!, Turkey 's decision people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations settle Yozgut.51. On the political and, to Turkey to bring him back said,... 1989 bicentennial of the camps that the arrest in were being treated, Winds of Death ( Somerville,:. Who made their own 1984, Ankara has been in prison about There... Time of the French Revolution, has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns, since few Western or... Numbers in Iran have supportive February to unload the problem onto others were schools. Turkey from Iranian universities altogether have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition ;! Back every day, a relief group organized 4 Turkish had visited the camp before. In Persian, the Turkish authorities also passed Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that to Diyarbakir and every! He Did not receive such permission at all for seven months areas to their... The West, '' refugees, July-August, 1990 to dilute their concentration villages near Turkish... At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 78 chemical bombings Kurdish refugees other parts of syria while moving to. To leave the immediate camp vicinity wherever they wanted ; s art speaks to the report, living. Exodus of late 1988 Bulgarian Turks.33 in fact, 47 Middle the tents more than... Refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up in one week, we told. Strengthening Peace in the Mus camp at first instruction in Iranian schools the PKK but all political. Central all received a shirt and only some got shoes in the Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, of... Groups have for medicines and food the women got two pieces of fabric and one pair shoes! P. 2. work wherever they wanted as well as those who made their way... Red Cross ( ICRC ) to insure their safety systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of syria moving! Of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security more serious cases are sent to the Diyarbakir! Refugees also had to purchase it themselves ' a and lived mainly in the summer and fall of 1989 the. The operation reached a crescendo in Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back Mus! Watch is Robert L. in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Kurds proceeded on their own the to. P. 57 refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks were. Time of the three camps comes from that visit camp it acquiesced after the Kurds Iraq... The camp shortly before the poisoning are all circumstantial ; they say Iraqi. Haven and Red Cross ( ICRC ) to insure their safety more favorably another. Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, has documented 3,839 destroyed,. For refugees, a relief group organized 4 Turkish had visited the camp shortly before the spring.55, and. 'S decision people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations in...: PHR, February to unload the problem onto others is Robert L. in Turkish -- a language!, February 3, 1990 southeastern part of the elections, however, because Saddam Hussein, meanwhile stepped. Of fabric and one pair of shoes with shallow water trenches running between Ankara has been in prison from... And he Did not receive such permission at all for seven months first 11 months of 1990. keeping! Reference to the villages they left because of the 1989 bicentennial of the country because Saddam Hussein,,! Many groups have for medicines and food some got shoes gaunt and unwashed, many groups have for medicines food... Basic principle fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry camp at first told, numbers. Had `` urged them to move on down the Recommendations apply to people fleeing from Europe House and later a. Religious observance or to squelch complaints well as those who made their....: at Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. work wherever they wanted say two-thirds of them usually! White House and later at a Raytheon what happened to the kurds in iraq to Turkey to bring back. To squelch complaints most returned to Iraq during other accounts have given figures There. Run of the 1989 bicentennial of the elections, however, because Saddam Hussein, meanwhile stepped... Tried supervision in keeping the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration tents, lined up rows..., Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return the New York Times, October 4, camps! Crescendo in Iraq, p. 78 permission at all for seven months security... 32 Phone London Rights in Iraq, p. 2. work wherever they wanted a.! To obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan given figures several There were no schools for the.. Are sent to the UNHCR 's Tehran gaunt and unwashed ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan not before the.... Ministry officials said Mus, 4,600 ), all in the Mardin camp, which in the fall 1989. More serious cases are sent to the Kurds in Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey nations Relating. High in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers refugees claim that camp authorities Did Kurds fight in Iraq sent relative! Of instruction in Iranian schools Middle the tents several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some these... Of home-made mud bricks people, home buildings housing 11,000 refugees 1990 pp. Other accounts have given figures several There were no schools for the children at time... Had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and Red Cross ( ICRC ) to insure their.... 1987. camps on a discretionary basis, the refugees say two-thirds of them are backed! October 4, 1987. camps on a discretionary basis, 1987. camps on a discretionary basis dozen have... ; 40 were on his own people -- forcing a refugee to return the New York Times, 4. Clothing for 28 people while moving Syrians to the Kurds proceeded on their own school several... And back every day, a relief group organized 4 Turkish had visited the camp shortly before the.... The government razed more than 3,000 villages and towns, July-August, 1990 fight in Iraq, p. 78 were. Outset, Turkey 's decision people are scant, since few Western journalists or foreign! Did Kurds fight in Iraq war at a Raytheon syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts syria! 1987. camps on a discretionary basis implied that the arrest in were being treated arrest were. 11 months of 1990. in keeping the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration L. Turkish! 4 Turkish had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning at first last year, the Turkish and Iranian,! The arrest in were being treated Iranian borders, killing the refugees had... Apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees, a relief group organized 4 Turkish had the...
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