which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis

And my wife has never smoked anything. William James was the ________. The fallacy of affirming the consequent is a fallacy only of arguments that rely solely on form for their logical successthat is to say, it is a fallacy of deductive arguments. The observable outcome must be sufficiently improbable. . Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. A Guide to Good Reasoning: Cultivating Intellectual Virtues by David Carl Wilson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The other roots the power of suggestion in physiology: extreme fright and despair disrupt the sympathetic nervous system and paralyze body functions. Some believers in the paranormal hold that skeptical attitudes can inhibit paranormal results. His left arm has been injured. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. A hypothesis that proposes a lack of relationship between two factors. As we have seen, explanations that make good sense are those for which we have an adequate conceptual frameworkfor which we have a reasonably good account of the causal mechanisms involved. Astrology is reliable. As with determining the improbability of the outcome, there is no formula for determining the probability of the explanation. Where in the tropics could an English army doctor have seen much hardship and got his arm wounded? The more surprising the outcome would be, the lower the prior probability and the stronger the logic of the argument. Epistemic probability, as explained in Chapter 9, refers to the probability of the statements truth given all relevant available evidence. In a short paragraph, identify the explanation, discuss why it may be unfalsifiable, and explain how this results in a problem with the first part of the total evidence condition. In this statement Stern clearly indicated that _________ morality would not be accepted or tolerated. c. as either reactive or instrumental Chapter Three: A Framework for Clarifying, Chapter Seven: A Framework for Evaluating, Chapter Ten: How to Think About Deductive Logic, Chapter Twelve: EitherOr Arguments and More, Chapter Thirteen: How to Think About Inductive Logic, Chapter Fourteen: Inductive Generalization. This insight can be especially valuable when improbable events are explained by appeal to the paranormal. Favor outcomes for which no explanation already exists. And the argument concludes with the assertion of the explanation. Together, choices B and C combine to describe what is meant by the phrase "hierarchical organization of life.". c. psychologically harming another individual This disregard for weather extended even to the pouring of concrete. As improbable as the Holocaust explanation ismercifully, such evils happen so seldom that its prior probability is quite lowthe hoax explanation is vanishingly probable. . Describes knowledge that is based on experience and observations that are rational, testable, and repeatable. c. athletes have higher moral development than nonathletes OK, so shes not admitting to anything, but the next day when I went to get the pipe, it wasnt where I had put it! WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. It includes the presumption of causation. The arguer must have imagination to devise an explanation that is something more than a generalization of the experienced facts; and the evaluator must have imagination to think up viable alternative explanations for the sake of comparison. WebA hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. Such arguments are typical of science, though are not restricted to it. The lights in this old house keep flickering. Concrete, according to the campus architect, was poured whenever the schedule required and the necessary materials were available. e. reactive-instrumental aggression theory. Frustration produces increased anger or pain. a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment Look for coincidence as an alternative explanation. 5) Growth, development, and reproduction. But the theory of plate tectonics eventually provided a conceptual framework for continental drift, and the explanation no longer has an unacceptably low prior probability. First, its conclusionthat we are above sea levelis an explanation. Its a bit inconvenientI have to walk almost two miles there and backbut its worth it. A. If you conduct an experiment that rejects your hypothesis, then. Because the observable outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations, its prior probability is far lower than the anecdotal argumentand thus the argument is logically much stronger. I have had many thousands of dreamsmost of which I have immediately forgotten, in part because they have not come true. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. Sample answer. When people insist that they have no repressed memories, then, Freud considers this to be evidence for the presence of resistance, which is itself evidence for the existence of repression. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. It just plain disappeared. My wife calls mePapa Bear. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation . c. an interaction of situations and personal beliefs One test is to ask whether it offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. a. A friend told me that Thai food is especially effective for those who are on a diet. According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. Punishment motivates learning better than does reward.. For general explanations, a good way to check for simplicity is to ask. Another contemporary of his, French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal, suspected that Torricelli was right but that a greater altitude was required to prove it. Dear Abby was a newspaper advice column with a readership of over 110 million in the late 20th Century. The mountain argument can be clarified roughly as follows: For a more substantial example, lets look at a famous explanatory argument from science. The problem in all of these cases is that the explanation does no work. b. punishing all aggressive play . Explanatory arguments typically expand our knowledge by offering a different subject matter in the conclusion. The argument concludes with the assertion of the explanation. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. A team of researchers recently found no differences that would account for the beak variations. General explanationsNewtonian celestial mechanics, for exampleare intended to apply broadly; Newtons theories explain the motion of all heavenly bodies at all times. Explanatory arguments require humble attention to the facts of our experience, as Huxley notes above. Suppose on the camping trip your friend wonders why the water boiled so quickly, and you reply, Because we are at a higher altitude. This is not an argument. Sample answer. Pascal, due to his own bad health, persuaded his brother-in-law, Perier, to carry a crude barometer up the Puy-de-Dome in the south of France, taking measurements as he went. Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A hypothesis attempts to explain natural phenomenon and can be tested through experimentation; a theory attempts to summarize a large expanse of natural phenomenon and has already been tested thoroughly without contradictory results. I know that all the critics panned your opening performance last night. An explanatory hypothesis is a type of hypothesis which is used to test the cause and effect relationship between two or more than two variables. c. Small-scale, on-the-field aggressive acts serve as triggers for crowd aggression. Develop an action plan. Observable outcomewhat is explained in an explanatory argument; the observable outcome follows from the explanation and can in a certain way, at a certain time, and under certain conditions, be seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched. In some explanatory arguments, the explanatory theory is first invented, then the observable outcome is predicted and looked for. It includes the presumption of causation. Rather, it is simply necessary that it not be implausibly low and that it be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. In the 17th century, the Italian mathematician Torricelli hypothesized that the Earth was surrounded by a sea of air, which decreased in pressure uniformly as the altitude increased. Why would you try to persuade your friend of something you have both just agreed is true? WebShort Answer. After significantly departing from the mean level of competence, we would expect that the next attempt would be closer to the current mean. Which of the following would be the most reasonable testable prediction for the hypothesis: "All birds can fly"? Aha! you say, Someone is casing the joint and now knows not to burglarize us, since someone answered the phone! This explanation is the sort of thing that is known to happenburglars do sometimes call ahead to see if anyone is homeso it is not implausibly low. Does this mean that explanatory arguments are always fallacious? We do not have to establish the correct explanation to establish that the argument is a bad one. First American psychologist. . The sentence A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758 is the observable outcome, that which the explanation enables us to predict and to better understand. Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? Which of the following have shown the strongest relationship? A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets did appear in December 1758. I do take a lot of vitamin C over the winter and get only one or two colds, though I usually get three or four. A statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. Unlike the case of Halleys comet, the observable outcomesa blue anchor on his hand, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, an air of commandare where the reasoning begins. If the explanation leaves too much to mystery, or requires too much of established science to be replaced by less well-established views, then the argument can normally be no better than logically weak. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. The probability of the explanation is not implausibly low. In an experiment, the group of subjects exposed to a particular treatment; also known as the treatment group. The girls explored the area on ____ bicycles. He has undergone hardship and sickness, as his haggard face says clearly. That rock just smells like Mars, says Robert Pepin of the University of Minnesota. Here is one good way of clarifying it: From a logical point of view, the chronological relationship between the two does not matter. Researchers found that during a three-year period, the percentage of tickets, compared to simple warnings, was considerably higher during the night shift: more than 71 percent of the drivers stopped at night got tickets, compared with 58 percent of those stopped during the day (the others got warnings). Pascal, due to his own bad health, persuaded his brother-in-law, Perier, to carry a crude barometer up the Puy-de-Dome in the south of France, taking measurements as he went.
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